Public Education Archives - Iowa Psychological Association

Science Consistently Shows Conversion Therapy to be Harmful and Ineffective

Science Consistently Shows Conversion Therapy to be Harmful and Ineffective

DSJ, Legislative Issues, Public Education

The Iowa Psychological Association Public Education Committee has the sole purpose of bringing to the public’s awareness psychological research and science in about issues relevant to Iowans. The purpose of this committee is to inform and educate based on scientific research. With that in mind, we share the following regarding the science on sexual orientation and the lack of science supporting sexual reorientation/conversion therapy.

In 1990, Dr. Bryant Welch, American Psychological Association Executive Director stated, “Research findings suggest that efforts to repair homosexuals (sic) are nothing more than social prejudice garbed in psychological accoutrements.” Since then, mainstream medical and psychological health associations have taken unequivocal stances against what is called conversion, reparative, or reorientations therapies due to lack of scientific evidence to support positive impact of these interventions, and the plethora of evidence documenting harm. These organizations include: American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Nursing, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Marriage & Family Therapy, American College of Physicians, American Counseling Association, American Medical Association, American Medical Student Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Psychoanalytic Association, American Psychological Association, American School Health Association, American School Counselor Association, American School Health Association, National Association of Social Workers, Pan American Health Organization, School Social Work Association of America, and others.

These organizations, representing the majority of U.S. medical and psychological health professionals, have taken this stance not because of political positioning, but because, as the American Psychological Association (2021) noted:

The APA affirms that scientific evidence and clinical experience indicate that sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) put individuals at significant risk of harm;

APA encourages individuals, families, health professionals, and organizations to avoid SOCE;

APA affirms that same-gender and multiple-gender attraction, feelings, and behavior are normal variations in human sexuality, being LGBTQ+ is not a mental disorder, and APA opposes portrayals of sexual minorities as mentally ill because of their sexual orientation;

APA opposes making claims that sexual orientation can be changed through SOCE and;

APA, because of evidence of harm and lack of evidence of efficacy, supports public policies and legislation that oppose, prohibit, or aim to reduce SOCE, heterosexism, and monosexism and that increase support for sexual orientation diversity.

These organizations have taken stances validating the inherent worth, dignity, and validity of sexual/affectional orientation due to the lack of conclusive empirical evidence that supports that any one sexual/affectional orientation is less or more mentally and physically healthy. In fact, the data is so consistent, these organizations had no other choice but to take these stances to uphold their own foundations of evidence-based decision making. Those who continue to advocate for reorientation continue to perpetuate the reductionist, bipolarity construct of sexual/affectional orientation that science left behind 50 years ago when the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental health concern in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A review of the history of this decision can be found here.

The faulty assumptions imbued into the claims of reorientation are numerous and include:

Sexual/affectional orientation is behavior that can be changed. This approach ignores copious evidence connoting the multimodality of sexual/affectional orientation, including identity in research across the world.
Sexual/affectional orientation is limited LGBQ people. Sexual/affectional orientation is descriptive of all people, but Straight people are not expected to engage in reorientation. Research on what science understands about the development sexual orientation and cultural expression of sexual orientation can be found in the following: Biodevelopment of Same-Sex Sexual Orientation , Biological Research on Development of Sexual Orientation, Human Sexual Orientation, Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science, Stability and Change in Sexual Orientation
Religion condemns LGBQ orientation. Reorientation could be sought for religious choice. However, people who identify as LGBQ do not have to abdicate their right to participate in religious practice. Major U.S religions support LGBQ orientations include: American Baptist Church; Disciples of Christ; Episcopal Church; Metropolitan Community Church; Presbyterian Church, USA; Reform Judaism; Society of Friends; Unitarian Universalist Church; Buddhism, United Church of Christ, Congregational, and others.
Research supports reorientation therapy. Research supporting reorientation therapy has been criticized for problems with poor methodology, biased participant selection, statistical analyses, and inadequate outcome measures. Unethical behavior, sexual abuse, deception, and theological malpractice are also rife throughout this literature. The confines here do not allow for detailing all of this research, though objective reviews can be found from infinitely wide sources including the Minnesota Department of Health, Cornell University, to the Government of the United Kingdom.
Straight is the standard. There is a systematic bias toward straight orientation and a faulty mainstay assertion within reparative therapy is that people who are LGBQ are undeveloped, regressed, and fixated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychologyand Behavioral Sciences
Reorientation therapies only help. An overwhelming number of studies note the harmful impact, ethical violations of, or ineffectiveness of conversion therapy. For a review see J Med Regul. 2016; 102(2): 7–12, and the Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

These are a few of the many faulty and specious assumptions that undergird this movement. The leading national organizations who represent the majority of U.S. licensed medical and psychological providers, clearly state that as there is no illness, there is no cure. Legal prohibitions against such practices, which cannot sufficiently document positive outcomes over risk for harm, exist in 27 states+ D.C. and this number grows annually. It is time, as it is with all medical and mental health matters, to listen to the evidence and move on from practices whose predominant basis is bias, poor science, historical limitations, and societal prejudice.

Submitted by:

The Iowa Psychological Association Public Education Committee, ipa@iowapsychology.org

The Iowa Psychological Association Public Education Committee has the sole purpose of bringing to the public’s awareness psychological research and science in about issues relevant to Iowans. The purpose of this committee is to inform and educate based on scientific research.

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DSJ Legislative Issues Public Education

Reparative Therapy: What the Facts Really Are

Legislative Issues, Public Education

As far back as 1990, Dr. Bryant Welch, Executive Director of the American Psychological Association stated, “Research findings suggest that efforts to repair homosexuals (sic) are nothing more than social prejudice garbed in psychological accoutrements.” Since then, mainstream medical and psychological health associations have taken unequivocal stances against what is called conversion, reparative, and reorientations therapies due to lack of evidence to support positive impact and the plethora of evidence documenting harm. These organizations include: American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Nursing, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Marriage & Family Therapy, American College of Physicians, American Counseling Association, American Medical Association, American Medical Student Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Psychoanalytic Association, American Psychological Association, American School Counselor Association, American School health Association, National Association of Social Workers, the Pan American Health Organization, and others.

These organizations, who represent the majority of U.S. medical and psychological health professionals have taken this stance not because of political positioning, but because, as the American Psychological Association (2007) noted:

APA affirms that same-sex sexual and romantic attractions, feelings, and behaviors are normal and positive variations of human sexuality regardless of sexual orientation identity;

APA reaffirms its position that homosexuality per se is not a mental disorder and opposes portrayals of sexual minority youths and adults as mentally ill due to their sexual orientation;

APA concludes there is insufficient evidence to support the use of psychological interventions to change sexual orientation;

APA encourages mental health professionals to avoid misrepresenting the efficacy of sexual orientation change efforts by promoting or promising change when providing assistance to individuals distressed by their own or others’ sexual orientation;

APA concludes that the benefits reported by participants in sexual orientation change efforts can be gained through approaches that do not attempt to change sexual orientation.

These organizations have taken stances validating the inherent worth, dignity, and validity of sexual/affectional orientation due to the lack of conclusive empirical evidence that supports that one sexual/affectional orientation is less or more mentally and physically healthy. In fact, the data is so consistent, these organizations had no other choice but to take these stances to uphold their own foundations of evidence-based decision making. Those that continue to advocate for reorientation continue to perpetuate the reductionist, bipolarity construct of sexual/affectional orientation that current science and service left behind 50 years ago when the APA declassified homosexuality as a mental health concern.

The faculty assumptions imbued into the claims of reorientation are numerous and include:

Sexual/affectional orientation is behavior that can be changed. This approach ignores copious evidence which connotes the multimodality of sexual/affectional orientation. Additionally, current conceptualizations include sexual/affectional orientation as having the components of identity connected to it.
Sexual/affectional orientation is only something LGBQ people have. Sexual/affectional orientation is something heterosexual people have as well, but ironically is not seen as something open to reorientation.
Religion condemns LGBQ orientation. Religion is a choice and perhaps reorientation could be for religious choice, re-orienting to the major U.S religions that support LGBQ orientations: American Baptist Church; Disciples of Christ; Episcopal Church; Metropolitan Community Church; Presbyterian Church, USA; Reform Judaism; Society of Friends; Unitarian Universalist Church; Buddhism, United Church of Christ, Congregational, and many others. People who are LGBQ have not abdicated religion to those who would seek to change them and many organized religions agree.
Research supports reorientation therapy. There is bottomless research denoting the bad science of these “studies” and their sufficiency of methodological, participant selection, statistical analyses, and outcome measure problems. Also, unethical behavior, sexual abuse, deception, and theological malpractice are rife throughout this literature. The confines of here do not allow for detailing all of this research, though objective reviews can be found from infinitely wide sources including everything from the Minnesota Department of Health to the Government of the United Kingdom.
Heterosexuality is the Standard. A mainstay assertion is that people who are LGBQ are undeveloped, regressed, and fixated and thus need changing due to an inability to have mature relationships. It is a specious argument that when people who are LGBQ have problems with relationships, it is due to their sexual/affectional orientation and when people who are Straight have relationships, it is not.
Reorientation Therapies Only Help. Reorientationists consistently produce data that only indicates that their actions help. The very idea that treatment cannot cause harm is a dangerous and unethical position for any psychologist. Once again, there is a bottomless set of studies demonstrating first-person accounts of the harmful impact of these therapies. These range between them being destructive to them being, at the very best, unable to produce what they proport.

These are a few of the many faculty assumptions that undergird this movement. The leading national organizations who represent the majority of U.S. licensed medical and psychological providers, clearly state that as there is no illness, there is no cure. Prohibitions against such practices, which cannot sufficiently document positive outcomes over risk for harm, exist in 27 states+ D.C. and this number grows annually. It is time, as it is with all medical and mental health matters, to listen to the evidence and move on from practices which rest on bias, poor science, historical limitations, and societal prejudice.

This article was written by Barry Schreier, Ph.D., in collaboration with the Public Education Committee of the Iowa Psychological Association.